Cameron H. Wright, Ph. His research interests include signal and image processing, real-time embedded computer systems, biomedical instrumentation, and. Powerful and Efficient ICG Analysis May 22, BIOPAC provides complete solutions for life science education with integrated systems of hardware, software and curriculum. Students learn Mar 11, Besides robots, other objects both physical and Palva and M. Jul 21, Co-Director of DVD provided in This was particularly painful in the early s when VR seemed poised to enter mainstream use but failed to catch on outside of some niche markets.
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CaloSys combines the best possibilities EOG , temperature, and activity different combinations possible. All users must watch the safety video and read through the entire scanning manual. Wear closed shoes and Additional sequences and protocols can be found on the lab wiki. Tell the participant that you Nov 30, Lab Streaming Layer. Muscular Disorder.
Operating System Table 5: Hardware supported by LSL All Rights Reserved. Designed by Templatic. Home Copyright Privacy Contact. Biopac Lab Manual Answers Eog.
Table 6. Draw a perpendicular line from the ends of the vectors right angles to the axis of the Lead using a protractor or right angle guide. Determine the point of intersection of these two perpendicular lines. Draw a new vector from point 0,0 to the point of intersection. The direction of this resulting vector approximates the mean electrical axis QRS Axis of the ventricles. The length of this vector approximates the mean ventricular potential.
Create two plots on each of the following graphs, using data from Table 6. Use a different color pencil or pen for each plot.
In the supine position the heart becomes more transverse apex is more lateral due to gravitational changes in position of the diaphragm. When the person is seated, the heart is more vertical and the mean QRS axis shifts slightly to the right of its supine position.. Changes in mean ventricular potential are minimal because of off-setting changes in the Lead I and Lead III vectors associated with the slight rotation of the ventricles between supine and erect body positions.
During expiration, the diaphragm pushes up on the right margin of the heart moving the apex laterally to the left, shifting the mean ventricular axis away from the positive Lead III vector and toward the positive Lead I vector. These changes are most noticeable during deep inspiration and expiration.
During quiet normal breathing, the changes in mean ventricular axes may not be noticeable. Changes in the mean ventricular potential are minimal due to off-setting changes in the axes for lead I and Lead III. The difference is due to the inclusion of Q wave and S wave amplitudes in the calculations of the Lead I and the Lead III vectors, and thus, the plotted resultant vector which represents both the mean electrical axis and the mean potential of the ventricles.
Since the QRS complex represents depolarization of the ventricles, inclusion of the Q wave and the S wave allows for a more accurate estimation of both the mean ventricular QRS axis and the mean ventricular potential.
Questions D. Define ECG. The electrocardiograph is the machine that records electrical activity of the heart. The electrocardiogram ECG is the record of the electrical activity of the heart. The relationships of the bipolar limb leads are such that the sum of the electrical currents recorded in leads I and III equal the sum of the electric current recorded in lead II. It follows that if the values for any two of the leads are known, the values for the third lead can be calculated.
The inverted base of the triangle represents the vector for Lead I positive pole left, negative pole right The apex of the triangle points inferiorly and is formed by the positive pole of the vectors for Lead II and Lead III.
When supine, the apex of the heart becomes more lateral, shifting the QRS axis slightly to the left toward the positive pole of Lead I. The converse occurs when a person sits or stands. During deep inspiration, the contracting diaphragm pulls the apex of the heart to the right, shifting the QRS axis to the right toward the positive pole of Lead III. During deep expiration, the relaxing diaphragm pushes the apex of the heart to the left, shifting the QRS axis to the left toward the positive pole of Lead I.
LAD is caused by conditions that increase the time the left ventricle takes to depolarize. RAD may be normal, such as in young adults with long narrow chests and vertical hearts, or it may be abnormal, associated with hypertrophy of the right ventricle or damage to the conduction system on the right side of the heart.
In the latter two conditions, RAD results from slowing or blockage of the depolarization signal for the right ventricle. What factors affect the amplitude of the R-wave recorded on the different leads? Also, the larger the mass of the ventricular myocardium, the larger the R wave in each of the bipolar limb lead records.
Table 7. Referring to data in Table 7. Yes No Explain why the values might differ or be similar. Referring to Table 7. Extreme temp — Arm Resting? Why or why not? No, the QRS amplitude should not change with pulse amplitude. The amplitude of the QRS complex is a recording of ventricular depolarization electrical activity and reflects the size of the heart and recording variables.
If all recording variables remain the same, the amplitude of the electrical activity will not change from beat to beat even if mechanical activity of the heart contractility increases or decreases. Describe one mechanism that causes changes in blood volume to your fingertip. Many possible answers—increased contractile strength of the heart via sympathetic stimulation; decreased arteriole diameters; temperature extremes affect blood flow to the skin; long-term changes in arteriole elasticity; vascular spasms I.
Referring to data from section C of this report, how would you explain the difference in speed, if any? Changes in blood pressure effected by changes in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance.
Which components of the cardiac cycle atrial systole and diastole, ventricular systole and diastole are discernible in the pulse tracing? Ventricular systole and diastole are discernible in the pulse tracing. Would you expect the calculated pulse wave velocities of other students to be very close if not the same as yours?
They would be different because the pulse wave velocity is correlated with blood pressure, arterial elasticity, etc. Explain any amplitude or frequency changes that occurred with arm position. Amplitude will first decrease as a result of decreased flow due to gravitational effects on the blood.
However, in response to the decreased blood flow to the periphery, the sympathetic nervous system may become more dominant, increasing blood flow to the periphery by changes in vascular tone or by increasing contractility of the cardiac muscle.
Since the sympathetic nervous system also increases heart rate, the heart rate may also change. Table 8. Relative Ventilation Depths Segments Table 8. Questions E. If the subject had held their breath immediately after hyperventilation and hypoventilation, would the subject hold their breath longer after hyperventilation or hypoventilation? Subject would hold their breath longer after hyperventilation. Hyperventilation reduces the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Carbon dioxide is the strongest stimulus for changes in the respiratory cycle so the lower the level of carbon dioxide, the longer the duration of apnea.
Define hyperventilation. Hyperventilation is when there is increased movement of air in and out of the lungs with the effect of reducing carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
Mechanically, hyperventilation is effected by increasing rate or depth or both. Define apnea vera. Apnea vera is the temporary cessation of breathing after hyperventilation. Describe the feedback loop causing apnea vera.
Page 22 Biopac Student Lab Carbon dioxide levels are reduced so that the chemoreceptors reduce their input to the respiratory center in the medulla. What changes occur in the body with hypoventilation? In hypoventilation, carbon dioxide levels rise due to the metabolic activities of the cells. This rise in carbon dioxide levels and accompanying lowering of pH is sensed by chemoreceptors. Their input overrides the conscious effort to breathe shallowly and slowly, effecting increased depth of respiration.
How does the body adjust rate and depth of ventilation to counteract the effects of hypoventilation? Increased depth, and while carbon dioxide levels in the blood are high, increased rate. In which part of the respiratory cycle is temperature: Highest? Expiration Lowest? Inspiration Explain why the temperature varies with the respiratory cycle. The air is warmed as it passes through the respiratory passages.
Air that has been within the alveoli for some time will have equilibrated to the core body temperature. Describe or define cough in terms of modification of the breathing cycle. Coughing is an active, quick, and forced expiratory effort. What modifications of the breathing cycle occur when reading aloud? In order to talk, the expiratory airflow rate has to be modulated so that the airflow through the larynx can cause sound vibrations.
Refer to Table 8. Explain the stimulus and mechanism to initiate inspiration. There may be a pause during resting, normal breathing. The rhythm of quiet breathing is due to the rhythmical activity of the respiratory center in the brain. When the inspiratory neurons fire, the inspiratory muscles contract.
When the inspiratory neurons stop firing, the inspiratory muscles relax and exhalation occurs as a passive process. Expiration or the breath out can end before inspiration is initiated by the inspiratory center. Referring to Table 8.
Complete Table 9. Mark I for increase, D for decrease, and NC for no change relative to baseline. Table 9. Y N Y N Blue eyes?
Y N Y N Brothers? Y N Y N Motorcycle? Y N Y N Less than 25? Y N Y N Another planet? Y N Y N Aliens visit? Y N Y N Truthful? Of what practical value is the EDA information obtained from the color experiment?
It is very important to have control or baseline values for comparison. What major physiological changes account for the electrodermal activity? Sympathetic activation of sweat gland activity. The palmar sweat gland activity is thought to be primarily responsive to emotional responses, instead of temperature.
Complete Table Be careful to be consistent with units msec vs secs. Table The flicking movements can be recognized as a quick, short duration movement in the opposite direction. Refer to Table Duration-shorter for flicking movements; Relative changes in eye position-smaller amplitude changes for flicking movements; Speed-greater for flicking movements In fact, flicking movements are one of the fastest muscular movements that the body performs.
What is the stimulus for reflex flicking movements? The stimulus for the reflex flicking movement is that the projected image drifts to the edge of the fovea. Same answers as for Table Describe three types of involuntary movements during fixation on a stationary object.
Another term for flicking movements is microsaccades. Explain how an electrooculogram is recorded. Page 26 Biopac Student Lab The electrooculogram is recording the difference between the potential recorded by the electrodes; the electrodes record the signal generated by the positive pole of the cornea The signal varies with the distance of the cornea to the electrodes. Define visual field. Visual field is the view that an eye can sense without moving the head.
The right and left visual fields are distinct, with a region of overlap. Define saccade. Saccades are voluntary, larger movements of the eye while fixating on a series of points in rapid succession. Comparison of reaction time to number of presentations Complete Table Calculate the Means: D. Group Summary Complete Table Calculate the Group Means: E. Variance and Standard Deviation Calculate the variance and standard deviation for 10 students.
Use the group mean from the 2nd trial of the pseudo- random interval test Segment 2. Divide the sum by 9. Describe the changes that occurred in the mean reaction time between the 1st and 10th stimuli presentation: For Segment 1: For Segment 2: Which segment showed the greatest change in mean reaction time?
Segment 1 Segment 2 G. Pseudo-random Fixed-interval I. Pseudo-random Fixed-interval J. What differences would you predict in reaction times and learning between your right and left hands?
Volume Measurements A. Equations for Predicted Vital Capacity V. Vital Capacity in liters H Male V. Observed Volumes and Capacities Table Using data just obtained, calculate the following capacities: Table Observed vs.
Why does predicted vital capacity vary with height? Vital capacity varies depending on the size of the thoracic cavity, which tends to correlate with height. Explain how factors other than height might affect lung capacity. The size of the thoracic cavity, e.
Lung capacity is inversely correlated with the distensibility of the lungs. Lung capacity is correlated with the available volume in the alveoli, e. How would the volume measurements change if data were collected after vigorous exercise? Depth and rate of breathing increase so that tidal volume would increase because of the use of the reserve volumes. Residual volume is unchanged.
What is the difference between volume measurements and capacities? Volume is a non-overlapping measurement of total lung capacity whereas capacity is the sum of two or more volumes. Define Tidal Volume. Tidal Volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during a single respiratory cycle.
Define Inspiratory Reserve Volume. Inspiratory Reserve Volume is the extra amount of air available for maximal inspiration, in excess of the resting tidal volume. Define Expiratory Reserve Volume. Expiratory Reserve Volume is the extra volume of air beyond resting tidal volume that can be actively expired with maximal contraction of the expiratory muscles.
Define Respiratory Volume. Residual Volume is the amount of air in the respiratory passages and alveoli that is physiologically unavailable for gas exchange.
Define Pulmonary Capacity. Pulmonary Capacity is the sum of two or more primary lung volumes. Name the Pulmonary Capacities. If there is an incomplete cycle, do not record it. The Table may have more cycles than you need.
Forced Expiratory Volume FEV is the maximal airflow rate of the lungs produced by active use of expiratory muscles. Is it possible for a Subject to have a Vital Capacity single stage within normal range but a value for FEV 1 below normal range? Explain your answer. Yes, it is possible because the time taken to expire Vital Capacity air in a single stage measurement is not a factor; the Subject can take as long as necessary. In FEV measurements, time is a factor.
In a Subject who has increased airway resistance e. Maximal voluntary ventilation decreases with age. Asthmatics tend to have their smaller airways narrowed by smooth muscle constriction, thickening of the walls, and mucous secretion. Vital capacity may not be reduced in asthmatics although it will take a substantial amount of effort work for the same volumes of vital capacity because of the increased airway resistance. FEV1 and MVV will generally be lowered because of the increased airway resistance necessitating extra muscular effort.
Bronchodilator drugs open up airways and clear mucous. Would a smaller person tend to have less or more vital capacity than a larger person?
X Less More M. In general, athletes have trained to exhale quickly. Oxygen loading only occurs during inspiration, and expiration serves mainly to rid the body of carbon dioxide, so athletes train to actively expire quickly.
Due to the increased resistance of airways in an asthmatic, their FEV and MVV measurements are reduced for the same level of effort. Questions B.
Based on the data from Table Explain the physiological mechanisms causing the results. Name the branches of the autonomic nervous system and explain their function. Define biofeedback and explain in general terms how it works. Biofeedback is the use of a signal for learning how to control physiological processes.
The signal reinforces the sequence that produces the desired response, allowing the individual to learn how to control the desired response.
What change, if any, did your EDA recording show when you were aroused? Why is EDA a useful measure for biofeedback training? EDA is under autonomic control, primarily sympathetic. If using biofeedback to enhance relaxation, the EDA should decrease. However, EDA is a slow response to sympathetic activity and uses a different neurotransmitter so that the relationship of EDA to sympathetic activity is not a simple response.
During Exercise Complete Table You may not have collected 5 minutes of data. Post-Exercise Complete Table Using your data, compare changes in pulmonary airflow that occurred during exercise and during the recovery period. Is pulmonary airflow synonymous with pulmonary ventilation? Justify your answer. Pulmonary airflow is not synonymous with pulmonary ventilation. Pulmonary airflow is the volume of air entering or leaving the lungs each second of the respiratory cycle.
Pulmonary airflow varies from second to second during one respiratory cycle, increasing during inspiration and decreasing during expiration. Pulmonary ventilation is the product of tidal volume and respiratory rate, and therefore is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one minute. At rest, pulmonary ventilation is relatively stable or constant whereas pulmonary airflow is continually changing.
Use the data in Tables Explain the physiological basis of the observed changes. Respiratory rate and heart rate increase during moderate exercise and gradually return to pre-exercise levels after exercise.
The increase in respiratory rate, the reflex result of more carbon dioxide being produced by skeletal muscles, increases pulmonary ventilation thereby facilitating oxygen uptake and removal of carbon dioxide. How long did it take for heart rate, respiratory rate, and pulmonary airflow to return to resting pre-exercise levels?
The duration of the recovery period varies directly with the intensity and duration of the exercise, and with the physical condition of the subject. Compare the electrocardiogram recorded during the pre-exercise, exercise, and post-exercise periods, and describe any observed changes.
Waveform amplitudes, particularly the QRS, may vary as the position of the heart in the chest and the position of the recording electrodes with respect to the heart change during the exercise period.
The R-R interval decreases as heart rate increases. Compare changes in skin temperature recorded before, during, and after exercise. Skin temperature increases during exercise and gradually returns to pre-exercise level after the exercise.
The return may take much longer than the return of heart rate, respiratory rate, and pulmonary airflow to preexercise levels. Exercising skeletal muscles produce excess heat, raising the temperature of the blood.
Visceral gut vasoconstriction and cutaneous vasodilatation increases blood flow to the skin where heat carried in the blood can be dissipated into the environment through processes of conduction, radiation, convection, and evaporation of body surface water.
When exercising, does wiping off sweat help cool the body? Wiping off sweat does not help cool the body; in fact, it is counterproductive to cooling the body.
Evaporation of sweat, converting the liquid water in sweat into a vapor, removes a significant amount of heat from the body. By what cellular chemical process is most of the ATP requirement for exercising skeletal muscles met?
Oxidative Phosphorylation L. The additional amount of oxygen, above the amount required by resting muscles, that is needed to metabolize the lactic acid produced by the muscles during exercise. A high oxygen debt is associated with a low blood pH. Why and how? The greater the amount of lactic acid released into the blood by exercising muscles, the greater the oxygen debt. Lactic acid, like other acids added to the blood, lowers blood pH. Explain why and how dynamic exercise increases cardiac output.
Exercise increases the need to deliver oxygen and nutrients to skeletal muscles; an increase in cardiac output during exercise helps meet that need. Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate. If either one or both increase, cardiac output will increase. Dynamic exercise increases sympathetic neural activity and decreases parasympathetic neural activity resulting in an increase in cardiac contractility, thereby increasing stroke volume, and an increase in heart rate.
List four other cardiovascular responses to dynamic exercise. Systolic Measurements Complete Table Diastolic Measurements Complete Table Calculation of Pulse Speed Complete the calculation using Segment 1 data right arm, sitting up. Questions: 1. Note the difference in systolic pressure value between when the sound actually began, was detected by the microphone transducer, and was recorded, and the time when the observer first heard the sound and pressed the marker button.
What factors could account for this difference? Would the observed difference be the same if measured by another observer? Page 40 Biopac Student Lab When a person detects the first sound, there is sometimes a delay of one or more cardiac cycles because it is not until the second sound is heard that the first sound is recognized as such. Delays can be from communicating sound detection to the recorder, the recorder entering the marker, and the software inserting the marker.
The observed difference would probably not be the same because individual sound detection and response times will vary. For a normal, healthy individual, as the heart rate increases, the systolic and diastolic pressures increase, but the increase of the systolic pressure is greater.
In the normal young adult, acute strenuous exercise, even to exhaustion, rarely raises systolic pressure above - mmHg. Generally immediate post-exercise systolic pressure is mmHg or less. During exercise, systolic pressures and diastolic pressures rise. Systolic rises more than diastolic. Both pressures quickly decrease at the conclusion of exercise.
The reasons behind this are many and can be quite involved. A basic explanation is that for a healthy individual, the vessel walls are quite distensible and can absorb some of the energy generated from an increase in blood pressure during the systolic phase. Because some energy is absorbed, not all energy is reflected back as the pressure decreases during the diastolic phase. Since some energy can be absorbed, the systolic pressure can show a greater change than the diastolic pressure. In unhealthy individuals, the vessel walls may be stiff and unable to absorb much energy of pressure increase.
This causes a recoil action, giving all of the energy back during the diastolic phase. This creates the same pressure increase for both the diastolic and systolic pressure, causing the pulse pressure to remain roughly constant. Give three sources of error in the indirect method of determining systemic arterial blood pressure.
Incorrect placement of the pressure cuff b. Releasing the cuff pressure too quickly c. Inaccurate pressure gauge 4.
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